Simulations Show How Earth-Like Planets Can Form

NASA has long followed the water and chemical building blocks of life in the course of space exploration. But most computer simulations that help scientists understand how planetary systems form usually overlooked the chemistry of planets, at least until now.

A new study has looked for the first time at the dynamics and chemistry of how Earth-like planets form. The approach shows how rocky planets form from the manic swirl of gas and dust in the early planetary systems, and also what chemical building blocks existed in the planets that emerged from the chaos.

"If we're looking for Earth-like planets, it'd be nice to know the chemistry we're after," said Jade Bond, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona in Tucson and a lead author on the study.

Such a first step has only assessed the chemistry of Earth's solar system, and still needs testing across more dynamical models. But eventually Bond and her colleagues hope to also assess the chemistry of exoplanets in orbit around other stars.

Thumbs up to wet planets

Dynamical models usually focus on the physics of interactions that lead to the formation of such rocky planets, and don't examine the chemistry that ends up in planets. At best, some have simulated how meteorites might carry water to planets.

Bond's group wanted to see if dynamical models could also successfully predict the chemical building blocks that make up planets similar to those in Earth's solar system. Toward that end, they used commercial software to analyze the elements that make up the planets, using a 2006 dynamical model by David O'Brien at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, and colleagues.

The software figured out the starting chemistry of different planets by calculating equilibrium condensation temperatures within the primordial cloud of gas and dust that eventually formed the solar system. Scientists have found that certain temperature profiles reliably match certain chemical profiles, after studying material from meteorites that fell to Earth. Some meteorites still hold the chemical profiles of the early solar system, and can serve as useful real life comparisons for simulations.

Model results showed that Earth and other rocky planets in the solar system formed "wet," with perhaps enough water to sustain life. But important elements such as nitrogen and carbon did not accumulate during simulated planet formation, which suggests that they needed to arrive by other means to kick start the development of life on Earth.

Gas giants such as Jupiter and Saturn appeared to influence how much water material accumulated on terrestrial planets. But gas giant evolution had less effect on the elements that form the rocky layers of such smaller planets, at least after the gas giants had themselves formed and moved out to their current orbits.

via SPACE.com -- Simulations Show How Earth-Like Planets Can Form.